Getting Prison For Serving Time - 986 Words

Getting sentenced to serve time in prison is an experience no one would like to have. Having to spend either weeks, months, years or an entire lifetime locked away from society, having other people decide your life, is not a life anyone goes out looking for. However, due to circumstances, a lot of people find themselves in these types of positions. These people are leaving behind their families, friends, and work to serve time for an action or crime they supposedly committed. Few members of society, unfortunately, do not think of these prisoners as anything other than delinquents getting what they had coming, when truly they are members of society just like everyone else who have simply made some past mistakes. What people even more rarely fail to notice is the emotional and psychological effect incarceration leaves on a person, and the hardships these people face while incarcerated. This fact has proven to be an important matter that needs to be looked at in a closer level, specific ally in female inmates. People tend to create stereotypes of their ‘average’ inmate. Most people, when asked about to think of inmates, would involve a younger male figure. People under the age of 35 do indeed account for 58% of the jail population in provincial correction institutes (StatsCanada, 2015). In the year of 2013 and 2014, males accounted for 85% of admissions in Canadian provincial corrections; leaving females to make up 15% of admissions, and making up 6% federally in sentencedShow MoreRelatedRacial Disparities And The Judicial System Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesthe nation’s prisons and jails today. This is a 500% increase in the last 40 years, prisons are becoming overcrowded and it is only getting worse. Today, people of color make up 37% of the U.S population but make up 67% of the prison population. African American men are six times more likely to be incarcerated and hispanic males are more than twice as likely to be incarcerated than white males. Even white males c ommit the same crimes, and they still do not get the same amount of time as blacks andRead MoreRethinking The Growing Female Prison System1622 Words   |  7 PagesWomen’s population in the prison system is growing vastly, and continues to grow. Julie Ajinkya (March 8, 2013). Rethinking How to Address the Growing Female Prison Population. Retrieved from www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/news. According to the center for progress from the years 2000 through 2009 the number of women incarcerated in state or federal prisons rose by 21.6 percent in comparison to 15.6 percent increase for men. Majority of the women in the prison system struggle with, mentalRead More Alternative Methods to Prison Sentencing in Britain Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesBritain are being sentenced to jail time: this is a fact. In 2004, there are currently over eighty thousand inmates.[1] (Peter Reydt, 2004 / Scottish Executive, 2003) Crime is on the increase but our prisons are already overcrowded. Consequently, new prisons will be required to accommodate prisoners. Where will the money come from to pay for the construction of new prisons? Will they have a sufficient rehabilitation programs in place? The prison system is obviously failingRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System And The United States Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesit first started in the 17th Century. The Criminal Justice System first began in the United States during the colonial times, when the colonist had to follow the rules of the British. During the Colonial times, the Criminal Justices System was not as fair as our current system is today, which meant a lot of people did not have liberties and were ultimately treated unfairly. Times have definitely changed for the Criminal Justice System and for the United States. We now have several documents givingRead MoreThe Common Problem Of Addiction950 Words   |  4 Pagestaking over our community’s but it is also taking over our jails and prisons. There are over 6.8 million people in America that are suffering with a drug or alcohol addiction, and many of these people are suffering alone. Since they have these addictions many times they are arrest for using drugs or c ommitting a crime so that they can get the drugs they need. There are over two million people serving time in our jails and prisons and over 500,000 are there because of a drug related crime. Drug andRead MoreJuvenile in the Adult Prison1351 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Delinquency December 3, 2014 Juveniles in The Adult Prison Children as young as 14 years old have been tried as adults and are sentenced to die in prison without considering their age and the factors that led the individual to commit the offense. Society believes that a juvenile should be tried as an adult because it will help them understand the consequences of their actions, however, children and teenagers that commit crimes are too young and they don’t have the mental ability to understandRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Modern Prisons1261 Words   |  6 PagesThere was a time when criminals could anonymously wander within the populous and commit crimes, without getting caught or getting severe punishments. Now, with the idea and creation of prisons, the ability to lawfully punish criminals exists. The innocent are now safe. But is modern prison truly beneficial? London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom, is known as the birthplace of modern imprisonment (â€Å"History of Prisons†). Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher th at was highly against the ideaRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentencing On Violent Crimes Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagessentencing can be designed to avoid injustices. A substantial number of offenders who commit violent crimes often receive lighter sentences for various reasons, whether it be because they have a â€Å"non-violent† past or they receive an early release from prison. I will also discuss how mandatory sentencing will increase consistency in the criminal justice system and will ensure that justice is always served. Lastly, I will express personal opinions and recommendations to the criminal justice system and willRead MoreAb109 Paper949 Words   |  4 PagesAB 109 Assembly Bill 109 was signed by Governor Edmund Brown Jr. and implemented on October 1, 2011 to close the revolving door of low-level inmates cycling in and out of state prison. It was a way to reduce the number of inmate in our overpopulated 33 prisons. The cause ab109 and ab117 to be put into place was a lawsuit Plata vs. Schwarzenegger fact that California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation was in violation of the eight amendments, the American with Disabilities Act and sectionRead MoreEssay about The Growth of Adult Corrections in the United States1472 Words   |  6 Pagesparole and great majorities are non-violent offenders. In â€Å"U.S. Prison Population Dwarfs that of Other Nations,† Adam Liptak states â€Å"The United States has, for instance, 2.3 million criminals behind bars, more than any other nation, according to data maintained by the International Center for Prison Studies at Kings College London.† Americans are arrested for things as minor as using drugs or writing a bad check. Residing someone to a prison should be our last alternative because it’s costly and can

Impact Of The Internet On Public Sphere Essay - 1619 Words

Despite its critics and some shortcomings early highlighted (Benson, 2009), the Habermas’ idea (and an ideal, too) of a public sphere in which all individuals and opinions should have the opportunity to democratically be engaged in community is an oft-cited framework in order to better understand media, democracy, and pluralism (Antony Thomas, 2010; Garcà ­a-Canclini, 1992; Jurgen Habermas, 1964; Stein, 2006). In Habermas’ words, a â€Å"well-functioning public sphere† implies an â€Å"open communication structures that permit and promote discussions oriented to self-understanding† (Jà ¼rgen Habermas, 1994: 128). Press and newspapers were the traditional landscape in which to deploy deliberation in the so-called public sphere. Indeed, in traditional printed media, readers’ comments have a delimited space and length through the editorial pages that used to explicitly contain the community discussion, which had been also discussed in both Latin American and Chilean contexts (Santa-Cruz, 2011). However, regarding the new technologies, the impact of the Internet in news production, and the shift in the role of audiences and content producers, â€Å"audiences are no longer restricted by largely elitist and inaccessible media systems† (Antony Thomas, 2010: 1283). In fact, technological developments such as the so-called Web 2.0 challenge and complicate the vertical and one-way flow of information that characterizes traditional mediums, such printed newspapers and broadcasting. So, recentShow MoreRelatedEssay on Influence and Contribution of BuzzFeed in the Public Sphere1258 Words   |  6 Pagesdigital age, the internet becomes more and more popular. Conversely, the circulation and the advertising revenues of newspapers are vanishing duo to the emergence of internet and audience migration. When most of the news organizations are struggling in digital age, there is a new form of news media growing up on the web that is BuzzFeed. This essay will firstly point out the analysis of this news source and then discuss the influence and contribution of BuzzFeed in the public sphere. BuzzFeed is aRead MorePublic Sphere As A Place Open899 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine a public sphere as a place open to all people, where important topics can be discussed, opinions can be heard, and organization of action can take place. Over the last several years the social media phenomenon has led to expansion of the public sphere, with Twitter and Facebook becoming key components of the contemporary public sphere. These expansions of the public sphere still have several advantages but due to barriers, algorithms, and government intervention, the social media public sphereRead MoreTechnology and the Concept of Privacy1704 Words   |  7 Pagesprotect their personal information and lawfully go about their ordinary businesses without interference and surveillance. This paper reviews ethical aspects of information privacy and information technology. The issues discussed are the concept privacy, impact of technology on the private lives of people, influence of technology on proces sing, storing and accessing private information and proposed solutions to these issues. The state of privacy is the prevalent concern in the modern societies, given thatRead MoreOral Culture Of The Late Middle Ages1468 Words   |  6 Pagesor propositions that we must return to oral culture to balance print culture. As seen through a lens of the history of print culture, the benefits of literacy and a predominantly print culture outweigh the benefits of an oral culture because of the impact print has had on standardized language and national consciousness, the field of science and accuracy, and the quick dissemination of information and dialogue. Through a comparison of advancements during the Print Revolution and current features ofRead MoreRupert Murdoch : The King Of Convergence And The Master Of Manipulation Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesof political and economic power. These individuals can filter, change, be extremely selective and strategic about what media they produce and disrupt. As a result, the media landscape becomes distorted and the public interest is compromised. Rupert Murdoch is a key individual within the sphere of media conglomerates. Murdoch has media giants all over the world. Murdoch controls two thirds of the newspaper markets in Australis, has a large share of British media, and has broadcast networks all overRead MoreImpact of Technologies on Teenagers1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Technologies on Teenagers An Assignment Submitted by Name of Student Name of Establishment Class XXXX, Section XXXX, Spring 2013 Nowadays, information technologies play a significant role in the modern world. Information technologies have a long history. Some technologies were created a few years ago, while some technologies are comparatively new. Technologies have penetrated all spheres of human activities: education, politics, trade, medicine, and this list canRead MoreA Study of the Impact of Sina Weibo on the Formation of Public Opinion in Mainland China2399 Words   |  10 PagesChanging public opinion—a study of the impact of Sina Weibo on the formation of public opinion in Mainland China Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1. Background Public opinion, as a key notion of Habermas (1989)’ Public Sphere Theory, refers to a collective consensus view about social issues. As the generation of public opinion entails acquiring information about the society, the new channels of communication brought by computer-mediated technological innovations today have to a large extent transformedRead MoreSocial, Cultural and Environmental Responsibility of Corporate Business Leaders1482 Words   |  6 Pagesto embrace responsibility for the company s actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest (PI) by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. CSR is the deliberate inclusion of PI into corporate decision-makingRead MorePoliti cal Participation2355 Words   |  10 PagesPOLI0094 Political Participation: Why and How? 1st Semester, 2010-11 Term Paper From Twitter Revolution to Internet Censorship in China – a discussion on the Internet and political participation Introduction Politics could be defined very broadly as the adjustment efforts of humans attempting to coexist in an interdependent relationship. In defining a political system, we refer it to a system which is a persistent pattern of human relationships that involves, to a significant extent, power,Read MoreDemocracy Is Not An Exception1681 Words   |  7 Pagesinterweave fragmented individuals on cyberspace, then this organized public might be a driving force for democratic involvement. However, opponents say that there might be some obscure correlation between the use of social media and participation in democratic activities. In this essay, I will investigate two ideas. Firstly, Will new media really lead to more participation in most countries? Secondly, will the quality of public participation in democracy mediated by new media be poor or not? As

Equity - Greenhouse Gas Emissions - and Global Common Resources

Question: Relationship between the Pollution of the Global Commons and Sustainability. Most Significant ethical issues related to the Pollution of the global commons. Significance of pollution of the Global Commons in the business. Answer: Introduction The global climate policy is one of the major concerns of transforming the governance of the atmosphere from an open view into the regime of global commons. Global commons is composed of the resource areas which exist outside the reach of the nation state. Pollution of the global commons therefore raises a series of many challenges. Pollution of global commons as the consequence of the business and industrial activity and the discharge of household activity is the growing widespread concern in the environment. These concerns however arise due to the several reasons (Edenhofer et al. 2013). Environmental ethics is comprised of two dimensions i.e. human to nature ethics and human to human ethics. While the sustainability of the environment is the integral part of the environment protection and economic growth in the country, it is required to address this legal issue of the pollution of the global commons. Many organizations are working on this global issue as they are facing a rapid d egradation in the environment because of the human pressures and the other effects of the global warming (Pretorius 2016). Discussion The report analyzes and discusses about the relevant ethical issues and sustainability of the pollution of the global commons. Relationship between the Pollution of the Global Commons and Sustainability The economic growth of a country is the essential component in the achievement of the sustainable development. The World Conservation Strategy has argued about the incompatibility of development and conservation. It stresses the fact that the growth of a country is not only possible through the protection of the environment from the pollution of global commons. The global responses play a major key role in promoting the integration, system consideration and coordination. This can help in setting the goals and developing the metrics, supporting the capacity enhancement, generating the financial resources and facilitating the best practices. At the international level, the advancement of the human being and sustainability of the environment could be fostered in the strategies and the responses associated with it. These national and regional responses were addressing the challenges related to the environment and the approaches to the polycentric governance. It recognizes the multiple se ttings and assumes the diverse activity centre for the given range of the capacity needs, generating the adequate responses to the environmental challenges (Ivanova et al. 2012). Most of the Scientists are contributing in the quest for the sustainable development of the planet, but these contributions are diminishing due to the necessity of the continuous defending of the human nature. The evolution and the global warming are widely acceptable by the scientists. It cannot be flourished to the political expediency because it appears to threaten the religious beliefs and issues. The evolution of the biological needs produced in the world refers to the combination of the resource saving and environmental- friendly society. Technology can contribute in finding the solution for the problem arising due to the pollution of the global commons. Many methods and procedures are based on the system illustrating and monitoring the unresolved issues of the ecosystem (Stern 2011). Until the unbalanced form of ecology is not eliminated completely, the human beings should reduce their demands on the global commons till the adequate capital of the ecology is accumulated. Howev er, the assurance and the control of the data quality will be a major concern as it will have to cope with the given resources and time. The stabilization of the population is also considered to be essential as it determines the carrying capacity of the planet and the overshoot of the ecology proclaiming that the human beings had been over utilizing the resources. To the great extent, the sustainable use of the planet and the enlightened management of the global commons and the future of the technology all are at stake (Cairns 2006) Most Significant ethical issues related to the Pollution of the global commons The emerging issue in the present era is the pollution of the global commons. It may be due to the past and present activities of the humans possessing a common threat to the welfare of the society. The change in the climate is expressed by the global warming. These long term changes lead to the precipitation, ocean salinity, extreme weather events, high tide levels, droughts and heat waves (Baer 2016). The global climate change brings the conflict mobilized by the scarce resources and hence, there is a need for an ethical approach to have the immediate and future implications on the people who are the immediate victims of the pollution of the global commons. The ethical issues focus on the causes and the effects of the climatic changes. It is very important to consider the ethical issues seriously because it is recognized in lowering the strengthening position of the community on the grounds of the ethics. However, the scope and the nature of the concerns related to the ethical issu es are acknowledged internationally which have evolved, including the issues related to the human interactions. This generates the responsibility to mitigate and adapt the negative effects of the environment (Dadush Shaw 2011). The growing consensus of the change in the global climate is affecting the well -being of the whole economy and it unclearly defines the ethical issues of the global climate change. The pollution of the global commons results in various uncertainties making it difficult to develop some aspects of the nature. These ethical dilemmas differ from one region to another. The future generation considers the uncertainty of the ethical issues that emerges from the pollution of the global commons. The ethical values implemented into the practice and behavior of the sustainability of the global commons constitutes an important part of the nature in the environment. These ethical issues are clearly challenged by the pollution and determine the multiple choices to be considered in developing the fundamentals for establishing the opportunity in the development of sustainability of the global commons (UNESCO 2010). Significance of pollution of the Global Commons in the business For instance, the global commons encompasses with the cultural heritage of the economy. From the last few decades, the emerging market is dominated by the global economy and rebalancing its power to accompany the significant challenges faced by the pollution of the global commons. It is difficult to manage the global commons due to the changes in the climate including the natural and essential resources. However, the difference the technological capacity of the business complicates the business deals in maintaining the global commons. The advanced core of the industrial countries is developing channels of the international integration with the emerging market for the global commons. The ethical dilemmas arise during the process of maintaining the issues of the pollution of the global commons (Friends of the Earth 2016). Moreover, these issues are emerging in allocating the resources between the industrial and developing countries. The developing countries are contributing a small sha re in the emission in the relative atmosphere and the cost of achieving the target is much higher than the developed and industrial countries. The sustainable development of the global commons leads to the development of the business in an economy. The positive impact of the global commons on the developing countries' businesses improves the coordination of the agreement with the industrial countries. Increasingly, the solutions of these challenges will be critically hammered in the international market. (Dadush Shaw 2011). The increasing competition in the global market leads the organization to change its business policies and endowed with the large resources experiencing the high profit margin. This competition makes the organization to use resources in an unethical manner. Therefore, the consistent growth in the technology leads to the growth in the productivity of the resources but it also increases pollution in the environment. The pollution of the global commons results in the complex pattern of the industry in the long run (Rametsteiner et al. 2006). Even though the industrial countries played a major role in causing the problems of the global environment, they should pay attention towards providing the solutions to these problems as they are damaging the global commons. Several governments have taken the measures to promote the economic efficiency of both at the national and international level to reduce the environmental degradation. These policies have significantly reduced the rates of deforestation and it preserves the valuable biodiversity. Through the elimination of the energy subsidies, the carbon emissions get reduced dramatically. The exploitation of the natural resources leads to negative impact on the national and global environment (Openknowledge 2016). Response for Ethical and Sustainable Issues The economic globalization has increased the economic integration and the interdependence across the globe. The people are not originally and physically envisioned to the common access of the nature. In the ecological sense, the global commons will not be managed efficiently if humankind ignores their responsibility. The ethical concern provides the tool for the effective sustainability of the global commons. The issues are widely underappreciated due to the irrelevancy of the sustainability issues arising because of the pollution of the global commons. However, efficiency in the environmental development increases the production and consumption capacity of the organization. This creates the pressure for the industry to produce the more goods with the scarce resources available. The enhanced opportunities are required to balance the ecological health, social welfare and the social equity (Kibert et al. 2016). The industrial development pattern is increasingly replicated internationally and seeks the alternate paths to stabilize their business in the global market. The pollution of the global common is affecting the life of the community, suffering from the changes in the climatic conditions (Oikoumene 2000). However, these phenomena have the irrevocable social and economic consequences on millions of people around the world. The ethical issues have a negative impact on the ecosystem, degrading with the increase in the worldwide sustainability. The government has promulgated many laws and regulations to protect the environment and the natural resources from the pollution. The industries should serve the social objectives and recognize the limits and imperatives related to the environment (Snape Gunasekera 1997). The most appropriate measures need to be implemented in order to overcome with the problems of the inherited issue of pollution of the global commons. There are many challenges with this issue, pursuing the benefits for the environment, society and economy both at the micro and macro level. With variety of solutions available, the development of the sustainability of the global commons can be easily understandable (Bouteflika et al. 2011). Utilitarianism is the most common ethical approach in the decision making with the consequences that are concerned with the large group of people. It determines the right or wrong action by which the principles of morality and laws have to be critically evaluated. This approach results in the good or bad action and tends to maximize the utility. According to the concept of utilitarianism ethics, the action is not right or wrong rather it depends on their effects. It believes that the purpose of the morality should make a better life by growing the amount of the good things. This theory has a major impact on the political, social and economic policy. It focuses on the happiness of the majority of people. For example: The aspect of the utilitarianism theory justifies the analysis of cost benefit of the problems related to the global commons like climate change is one of the reasons in which many people reject it on the ethical grounds. There are multiple activities with the range of generating the adequate responses to the challenges related to the environment but it may satisfy the needs of the people (Wordpress 2014). Conclusion This report is set off with the ambition to identify the ethics and sustainability issues of the pollution of global commons. Global commons include various things like space, climate, biodiversity, high sea marine fisheries, eco-systems etc. The change in the global climate itself is the ethical challenge related to this issue. There is a wide range of ethical challenges related to the pollution of the global commons which require a specific response in its sustainability. The global commons are over- exploited, misused and polluted which leads to pollution in the environment. Because of this pollution, there has been a drastic change in the environment and climate resulting in the rise of global warming, acid rain and depletion of ozone layer. This may be due to the presence of externalities in the global commons. All the changes lead to an adverse impact on the human life and the quality of surroundings and ecosystems. Therefore, awareness is rising for the need of the adoption of active global polices and strategies for developing more sustainable economic structures. Many issues have arisen related to the environment and there is a need to address them efficiently. Recently, the Ad hoc Open ended Informal Working Group has been established by the United Nations General Assembly for studying the issues related to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity. The environmental ethics is an important dimension for developing the sustainability and achieving the benefits in the economy. References Baer, P., 2016. Equity, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Global Common Resources. Climate change policy: A survey, pp.393-408. Baum, M.S., 2009. Tools to Advance AMT Safety, Citizenship and Professionalism. Bouteflika, A. et al., 2011. Global Commons the planet we share. UNEP. Cairns, J., 2006. Sustainability and the Global Commons. Asian J. Exp. Science, 20(2), pp.217-24. Dadush, U. Shaw, W., 2011. Emerging Powers and the Global Commons. [Online] Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2011/07/14/emerging-powers-and-global-commons [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Dadush, U. Shaw, W., 2011. Emerging Powers and the Global Commons. [Online] Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/2011/07/14/emerging-powers-and-global-commons [Accessed 2016]. Edenhofer, P.D.O., Flachsland, D.C., Jakob, D.M. Lessmann, D.K., 2013. The Atmosphere as a Global Commons Challenges for International Cooperation and Governance. pp.1-44. [Accessed May 2016]. Friends of the Earth, 2016. Protecting the global commons. foe. Ivanova, M. et al., 2012. Global Environmental Outlook 5, United Nations Environment Programme: Chapter 17, Global Responses. Conflict Resolution, Human Security, and Global, pp.457-86. Kibert, C.J., Thiele, L., Peterson, A. Monroe, M., 2016. The Ethics of Sustainability. [Online] Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.472.1559rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 29 May 2016]. Oikoumene, 2000. The atmosphere as global commons responsible caring and equitable sharing. [Online] Available at: https://www.oikoumene.org/en/resources/documents/wcc-programmes/justice-diakonia-and-responsibility-for-creation/climate-change-water/the-atmosphere-as-global-commons-responsible-caring-and-equitable-sharing [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Openknowledge, 2016. Protecting the Global Commons. openknowledge. Pretorius, J., 2016. The Ethical Cosiderations of Global Climate Change and Water Resources. Future Challenges of Providing High Quality Water, 2, [Accessed May 2016]. Rametsteiner, E. et al., 2006. Study of the Effects of Globalization on the Economic Viability of EU Forestry. pp.1-198. Saylor.org, 2016. Ethics and Business Success. The Saylor Foundation. Snape, R. Gunasekera, D., 1997. Problems of the global commons. In Countdown to Kyoto: The consequences of the mandatory global carbon dioxide emissions reductions. Canberra, 1997. Australian APEC Study Centre. Stern, P.C., 2011. Design principles for global commons: Natural resources and emerging technologies. International Journal of the Commons, 5(2), pp.213-32. Strength, Weakness of utilitarinism , 2016. Strength, Weakness of utilitarinism. UNESCO, 2010. The Ethical Implications of Global Climate Change. France: United Nations Educational, Scientifi c and Cultural Organization. West, H.R., 2004. An Introduction to Mills Utilitarian Ethics. Cambridge: The Press Syndicate Of The University Of Cambridge. Wordpress, 2014. Utilitarianism. [Online] Available at: https://globalcollaborative.wordpress.com/2014/09/25/utilitarianism/ [Accessed 31 May 2016].

The Symbolic Communication Essay Example

The Symbolic Communication Essay Language includes non-verbal as well as verbal symbolic communications. There is Sign language and Body Language. All communication with others is symbolic and involves the use of language, sound, bodily gesture and expression. Symbolic communications are demonstrated by the cars we drive, the houses we live in, and the clothes we wear (e. g. uniforms – police, military). The most important aspects of symbolic communication are the words we use. Sociality is both necessary and sufficient for symbolic communications to get off the ground. Terrence W. Deacon combines human evolutionary biology and neuroscience together in researches and hopes to shed light to evolution of human cognition. Deacon believes the complex symbolic communications ability possessed by human, is the driving force for language evolution. According to Deacon, human more or less â€Å"discover† language during the exploration of the complex relationship between symbols and what they refer to in the real world. The oldest surviving symbolic communications of humans are graffiti that were scratched or painted on protected rock surfaces. Some regard this material as art, which is clearly a matter of taste. As time went on, more elaborate iconography developed and was used both to communicate ideas and to provide decorations on pottery and other manufactured items and eventually on large scale stone carvings, but zenith of iconography was not reached until after the invention of the spray paint can. The earliest traces of Homo sapiens are marked with cave paintings, reminding us of the depth of the human investment in visual expression and the range and power of symbolic communications. Symbolic communications are the things that we have given meaning to and that represent a certain idea we have in place, for example, the American flag is a symbols that represent freedom for the Americans themselves, or imperialism and evil for some other countries. We will write a custom essay sample on The Symbolic Communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Symbolic Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Symbolic Communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Huggins asserts that: Iconic communication deals mainly with non-verbal communication between human beings by the use of visual signs and representations (such as pictures) that stand for an idea by virtue of resemblance or analogy to it in contrast to symbolic communications where the meaning of a symbol is entirely nominal (such as English text describing a picture). Huggins W. H. Entwisle D. R. (1974) Iconic Communication: an annotated biography The John Hopkins University Press.